Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title. Publisher.

Example:

Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2016). Marketing management (15th ed.). Pearson.

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Book title (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.

Example:

Miller, P. H. (2005). Theories of developmental psychology. In J. W. Santrock (Ed.), Children (pp. 45-67). McGraw-Hill.

Basic format:

Editor, E. (Ed.). (Year). Book title. Publisher.

Example:

Black, J. (Ed.). (2019). Crime and justice: A guide to criminology. Oxford University Press.

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title (Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published Year)

Example:

Freud, S. (2010). The interpretation of dreams (J. Strachey, Trans.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1900)

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title. Publisher. (Original work published Year)

Example:

Darwin, C. (2009). On the origin of species. Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1859)

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, volume(issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Example:

Yılmaz, H. (2020). The impact of social media on mental health. Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spsd.2020.03.002

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, volume(issue), page range.

Example:

Demir, E. (2019). Innovative approaches in education. Educational Sciences Journal, 34(2), 56-78.

Basic format:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Example:

Smith, J., Brown, T., & Johnson, K. (2021). Advances in renewable energy. Energy Studies, 35(2), 123–145. https://doi.org/10.xxxx

Basic format:

List the first 19 authors, followed by an ellipsis (...), and then the last author (without an ampersand before the final name).

Author, Author1, A., Author2, B., Author3, C., Author4, D., Author5, E., Author6, F., Author7, G., Author8, H., Author9, I., Author10, J., Author11, K., Author12, L., Author13, M., Author14, N., Author15, O., Author16, P., Author17, Q., Author18, R., Author19, S., ..., Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Example:

Smith, J., Brown, T., Johnson, K., Williams, L., Jones, R., Davis, M., Wilson, E., Taylor, H., Anderson, C., Thomas, D., Moore, S., Martin, A., Garcia, P., Miller, F., Harris, J., Clark, B., Rodriguez, G., Lee, W., ..., Taylor, L. (2021). Advances in renewable energy. Energy Studies, 35(2), 123–145. https://doi.org/10.xxxx

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (in press). Title of the article. Journal Name.

Example:

Çetin, D. (in press). Artificial intelligence and ethics. Science and Technology Journal.

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the blog post. Blog Name. URL

Example:

Thompson, R. (2021, March 15). Digital marketing strategies. Marketing Blog. https://www.marketingblog.com/digital-marketing

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article (B. Translator, Trans.). Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pp. xxx–xxx. (Original work published Year)

Example:

Freud, S. (2010). The interpretation of dreams (J. Strachey, Trans.). Psychology Today, 15(3), 123–145. (Original work published 1900)

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University.

Example:

Jones, M. A. (2019). The impact of climate change on coastal cities [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of California.

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University.

Example:

Smith, J. (2019). Advances in artificial intelligence [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. MIT.

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Thesis title [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. University Name.

Example:

Smith, J. (2022). The effects of climate change on coastal communities [Unpublished undergraduate thesis]. Harvard University.

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis (Publication No) [Master’s thesis, University name]. Thesis archive center. URL

Example:

Jones, M. A. (2019). The impact of climate change on coastal cities (Publication No: 123456) [Master’s thesis, University of California]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/123456

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of presentation [Conference presentation]. Conference Name, City, Country.

Example:

Smith, J. (2020, May 5). New approaches in education [Conference presentation]. 15th National Education Conference, Istanbul, Turkiye.

Smith, J. (2020, May 5). New approaches in education [Oral presentation]. 15th National Education Conference, Istanbul, Turkiye.

Smith, J. (2020, May 5). New approaches in education [Poster presentation]. 15th National Education Conference, Istanbul, Turkiye.

Smith, J. (2020, May 5). New approaches in education [Online oral presentation]. 15th Online Education Conference.

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Book title (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.

Example:

Miller, P. H. (2005). The impact of flavor perception on consumer behavior. In J. W. Santrock (Ed.), Proceedings of the 12th International Gastronomy Congress (pp. 45-67). McGraw-Hill.

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Page title. Website Name. URL

Example:

Kotler, P. (2016, April 21). Healthy eating guide. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/21/healthy-eating-guide

Basic format:

Institution Name. (Year). Report title (Report No. xxx). Publisher.

Example:

World Health Organization. (2020). Global health estimates 2020 (Report No. WHO/HIS/HSI/20.1). WHO Press.

Basic format:

Website Name. (n.d.). Page title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Example:

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Nutrition advice for adults during COVID-19. Retrieved December 7, 2024, from https://www.who.int/nutrition/covid-19

Basic format:

Title of the Web Page. (Year, Month Day). Website Name. URL

Examples:
With a publication date:

How to Bake a Cake. (2022, June 10). Easy Baking Recipes. https://www.easybakingrecipes.com/how-to-bake-a-cake
    

Without a publication date:

Top 10 Travel Destinations. (n.d.). Travel the World. https://www.traveltheworld.com/top-10-destinations
    

In-Text Citation Examples:

• Parenthetical Citation (with date): (“How to Bake a Cake,” 2022)
• Narrative Citation (with date): “How to Bake a Cake” (2022)
• Parenthetical Citation (no date): (“Top 10 Travel Destinations,” n.d.)
• Narrative Citation (no date): “Top 10 Travel Destinations” (n.d.)

Note: Personal communications are cited only in-text and are not included in the reference list.
In-text citation example:

(J. Doe, personal communication, May 5, 2023)

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Dataset title (Version x.x) [Data set]. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

Example:

Smith, J. (2021). COVID-19 global cases dataset (Version 2.1) [Data set]. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.xxxx

Basic Format

Name of the Law (Year, Month day). Source. Section Number. URL

National Law

Equality Act. (2010, April 8). The National Archives. Chapter 15. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents

International Treaty

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. (1989, November 20). United Nations Treaty Series, 1577, 3. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1990/09/19900902%2005-14%20AM/Ch_IV_11p.pdf

European Court of Human Rights Case Example

Selmouni v. France. (1999, July 28). Application No. 25803/94. European Court of Human Rights. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-58287

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of lecture [Lecture notes/slides]. Publisher. URL

Example:

Smith, J. (2023). Introduction to psychology [Lecture notes]. University of California. https://www.ucslides.com/psych101
        

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of photograph [Photograph]. Publisher. URL

Example:

Brown, L. (2019). Sunset over the mountains [Photograph]. Nature Photography. https://www.naturephotos.com/sunset