1. References for Books

1.1. Book

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book: Subtitle. City, State: Publisher.

Example:

Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2016). Marketing management (15th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

1.2. Chapter in an Edited Book

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book (pp. xx-xx). City, State: Publisher.

Example:

Miller, P. H. (2005). Theories of developmental psychology. In J. W. Santrock (Ed.), Children (pp. 45-67). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

1.3. Edited Book

Basic format:

Editor, E. (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book: Subtitle. City, State: Publisher.

Example:

Black, J. (Ed.). (2019). Crime and justice: A guide to criminology. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

1.4. Multi-Volume Book

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book (Vol. No.). City, State: Publisher.

Example:

Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954-1955). The Lord of the Rings (Vols. 1-3). London, England: Allen & Unwin.

1.5. Republished Book

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. City, State: Publisher. (Original work published year)

Example:

Darwin, C. (2009). On the origin of species. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1859)

1.6. Translated Book

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book (Translator, Trans.). City, State: Publisher. (Original work published year)

Example:

Freud, S. (2010). The interpretation of dreams (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York, NY: Basic Books. (Original work published 1900)

1.7. Religious Book

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. City, State: Publisher.

Example:

King James Bible. (2017). Holy Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.

2. References for Articles

2.1. Articles with a DOI

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, volume(issue), page range. doi:xx.xxx/yyyy

Example:

Smith, J. A. (2020). The effects of social media on mental health. Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 123-145. doi:10.1016/j.jpsy.2020.03.002

2.2. Articles without a DOI

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, volume(issue), page range.

Example:

Brown, L. (2019). Innovative approaches in education. Journal of Educational Sciences, 34(2), 56-78.

2.3. Articles with More Than 7 Authors

Basic format:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., ... Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, volume(issue), page range. doi:xx.xxx/yyyy

Example:

Smith, J. A., Johnson, L., Brown, P., Taylor, M., Lee, K., Wang, L., ... White, R. (2020). Effects of distance learning. Education and Science, 45(3), 200-225. doi:10.1016/j.jpsy.2020.03.002

2.4. Articles in Press

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (in press). Title of the article. Journal Name.

Example:

Williams, T. (in press). Artificial intelligence and ethics. Journal of Science and Technology.

2.5. Blog Articles

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the blog article. Blog Name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Example:

Thompson, R. (2021, March 15). Digital marketing strategies. Marketing Blog. Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.marketingblog.com/digital-marketing

3. Conference and Symposium Presentations

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of the presentation. In E. Editor (Chair), Title of the session. Name of the Conference, City, Country.

Example:

Smith, J. (2020, May). New approaches in education. In A. Brown (Chair), Innovation in education. 10th National Education Conference, Ankara, Turkey.

4. References for Websites

Basic format:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Example:

American Psychological Association. (2020, October 1). Understanding APA style. Retrieved October 5, 2020, from https://www.apa.org/style/understanding-apa

5. Master’s and Doctoral Theses

Basic format:

5.1. Master’s Thesis

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the thesis (Unpublished master's thesis). University Name, City, State.

Example:

Smith, J. A. (2018). The impact of climate change on coastal cities (Unpublished master's thesis). University of California, Berkeley, CA.

5.2. Doctoral Dissertation

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University Name, City, State.

Example:

Jones, M. A. (2019). The impact of climate change on coastal cities (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles, CA.

6. References for Reports

Basic format:

Institution Name. (Year). Title of the report (Report No. xxx). City, State: Publisher.

Example:

World Health Organization. (2020). Global health estimates 2020 (Report No. WHO/HIS/HSI/20.1). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.

Important Notes on APA 6 Writing Rules

• Author Names: Use initials for the first name and surname. If there is a middle name, only the initial is written.
• Year: Enclosed in parentheses, followed by a period.
• Book and Journal Titles: Italicized. The first letter of the book and journal titles is capitalized.
• URL and DOI: Provide access information. If a DOI is available, it must be included as “doi:xx.xxx/yyyy”. For URLs, use “Retrieved from URL”.